Reversing Alzheimer’s

Pyrroloquinoline quinone - PQQ

Pyrroloquinoline quinone

PQQ is a neuro-protective compound. The label states to take one tablet daily.

From Wikipedia:

Neuroprotection

PQQ is a neuroprotective compound that has been shown in a small number of preliminary studies to protect memory and cognition in aging animals and humans.[17][18] It has been shown to reverse cognitive impairment caused by chronic oxidative stress in animal models and improve performance on memory tests.[19] PQQ supplementation stimulates the production and release of nerve growth factors in cells that support neurons in the brain,[20] a possible mechanism for the improvement of memory function it appears to produce in aging humans and rats.

PQQ has also been shown to safeguard against the self-oxidation of the DJ-1 protein, an early step in the onset of some forms of Parkinson's disease.[21]

PQQ protects brain cells against oxidative damage following ischemia-reperfusion injury - the inflammation and oxidative damage that result from the sudden return of blood and nutrients to tissues deprived of them by stroke.[22] Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) arise spontaneously following stroke and spinal cord injuries and impose severe stresses on damaged neurons, contributing to subsequent long-term neurological damage.[23] PQQ suppresses RNS in experimentally induced strokes,[24] and provides additional protection following spinal cord injury by blocking inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), a major source of RNS.[25]

In animal models, administration of PQQ immediately prior to induction of stroke significantly reduces the size of the damaged brain area.[26] These observations have been compounded by the observation in vivo that PQQ protects against the likelihood of severe stroke in an experimental animal model for stroke and brain hypoxia.[22]

PQQ also affects some of the brain's neurotransmitter systems. It protects neurons by modulating the properties of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor,[27][28] and so reducing icity - the damaging consequence of long-term overstimulation of neurons that is associated with many neurodegenerative diseases and seizures.[29][30][31][32]

PQQ also protects the brain against neurotoxicity induced by other powerful toxins, including mercury[33](a suspected factor in the development of Alzheimer’s disease[34]) and oxidopamine[35] (a potent neurotoxin used by scientists to induce Parkinsonism in laboratory animals by destroying dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurons.[36])

PQQ prevents aggregation of alpha-synuclein, a protein associated with Parkinson’s disease.[37] PQQ also protects nerve cells from the toxic effects of the amyloid-beta protein linked with Alzheimer's disease,[38] and reduces the formation of new amyloid beta aggregates.[39]

References

  1. Takatsu, H; Owada, K; Abe, K; Nakano, M; Urano, S (2009). "Effect of vitamin E on learning and memory deficit in aged rats". Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology 55 (5): 389-93. doi:10.3177/jnsv.55.389. PMID 19926923. 
  2. Nakano M, Ubukata K, Yamamoto T, Yamaguchi H. (2009). "Effect of pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) on mental status of middle-aged and elderly persons". Food Style 21 13 (7): 50-52. 
  3. Ohwada, K.; Takeda, H.; Yamazaki, M.; Isogai, H.; Nakano, M.; Shimomura, M.; Fukui, K.; Urano, S. (January 2008). "Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) prevents cognitive deficit caused by oxidative stress in rats". Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition 42 (1): 29-34. doi:10.3164/jcbn.2008005. PMC 2212345. PMID 18231627. 
  4. Murase, K; Hattori, A; Kohno, M; Hayashi, K (1993). "Stimulation of nerve growth factor synthesis/secretion in mouse astroglial cells by coenzymes". Biochemistry and molecular biology international 30 (4): 615-21. PMID 8401318. 
  5. Nunome, K; Miyazaki, S; Nakano, M; Iguchi-Ariga, S; Ariga, H (2008). "Pyrroloquinoline quinone prevents oxidative stress-induced neuronal death probably through changes in oxidative status of DJ-1". Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 31 (7): 1321-6. doi:10.1248/bpb.31.1321. PMID 18591768. 
  6. Jensen, FE; Gardner, GJ; Williams, AP; Gallop, PM; Aizenman, E; Rosenberg, PA (1994). "The putative essential nutrient pyrroloquinoline quinone is neuroprotective in a rodent model of hypoxic/ischemic brain injury". Neuroscience 62 (2): 399-406. doi:10.1016/0306-4522(94)90375-1. PMID 7830887. 
  7. Ono, K.; Suzuki, H.; Sawada, M. (2010-10-05). "Delayed neural damage is induced by iNOS-expressing microglia in a brain injury model". Neuroscience Letters 473 (2): 146-150. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2010.02.041. PMID 20178828. 
  8. Zhang, Y; Rosenberg, PA (2002). "The essential nutrient pyrroloquinoline quinone may act as a neuroprotectant by suppressing peroxynitrite formation". The European Journal of Neuroscience 16 (6): 1015-24. doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02169.x. PMID 12383230. 
  9. Hirakawa, A.; Shimizu, K.; Fukumitsu, H.; Furukawa, S. (2009-01-09). "Pyrroloquinoline quinone attenuates iNOS gene expression in the injured spinal cord". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 378 (2): 308-312. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.11.045. PMID 19026989. 
  10. Zhang, Y.; Feustel, P.; Kimelberg, H. (2006-06-13). "Neuroprotection by pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) in reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion in the adult rat". Brain Research 1094 (1): 200-206. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2006.03.111. PMID 16709402. 
  11. Aizenman, E; Hartnett, KA; Zhong, C; Gallop, PM; Rosenberg, PA (1992). "Interaction of the putative essential nutrient pyrroloquinoline quinone with the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor redox modulatory site". Journal of Neuroscience 12 (6): 2362-9. PMID 1318959. 
  12. Aizenman, E; Jensen, FE; Gallop, PM; Rosenberg, PA; Tang, LH (1994). "Further evidence that pyrroloquinoline quinone interacts with the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor redox site in rat cortical neurons in vitro". Neuroscience letters 168 (1-2): 189-92. doi:10.1016/0304-3940(94)90447-2. PMID 7518062. 
  13. Scanlon, JM; Aizenman, E; Reynolds, IJ (1997). "Effects of pyrroloquinoline quinone on glutamate-induced production of reactive oxygen species in neurons". European Journal of Pharmacology 326 (1): 67-74. doi:10.1016/S0014-2999(97)00137-4. PMID 9178657. 
  14. Hossain, M. A. (Sep 2005). "Molecular mediators of hypoxic-ischemic injury and implications for epilepsy in the developing brain". Epilepsy & Behavior 7 (2): 204-213. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2005.05.015. PMID 16054439. 
  15. Dong, X. X.; Wang, Y.; Qin, Z. H. (April 2009). "Molecular mechanisms of excitotoxicity and their relevance to pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases". Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 30 (4): 379-387. doi:10.1038/aps.2009.24. PMID 19343058. 
  16. Foran, E.; Trotti, D. (July 2009). "Glutamate transporters and the excitotoxic path to motor neuron degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis". Antioxidants & Redox Signaling 11 (7): 1587-1602. doi:10.1089/ars.2009.2444. PMC 2842587. PMID 19413484. 
  17. Zhang, P.; Xu, Y.; Sun, J.; Li, X.; Wang, L.; Jin, L. (March 2009). "Protection of pyrroloquinoline quinone against methylmercury-induced neurotoxicity via reducing oxidative stress". Free Radical Research 43 (3): 224-233. doi:10.1080/10715760802677348. PMID 19191107. 
  18. Mutter J, C. A. (2010). "Does inorganic mercury play a role in Alzheimer's disease? A systematic review and an integrated molecular mechanism". Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 22 (2): 357-374. doi:10.3233/JAD-2010-100705. PMID 20847438. 
  19. Hara, H.; Hiramatsu, H.; Adachi, T. (March 2007). "Pyrroloquinoline quinone is a potent neuroprotective nutrient against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neurotoxicity". Neurochemical Research 32 (3): 489-495. doi:10.1007/s11064-006-9257-x. PMID 17268846. 
  20. Breese, G. R.; Knapp, D. J.; Criswell, H. E.; Moy, S. S.; Papadeas, S. T.; Blake, B. L. (February 2005). "The neonate-6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat: a model for clinical neuroscience and neurobiological principles". Brain Research Reviews 48 (1): 57-73. doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.08.004. PMID 15708628. 
  21. Kobayashi, M.; Kim, J.; Kobayashi, N.; Han, S.; Nakamura, C.; Ikebukuro, K.; Sode, K. (2006-10-27). "Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) prevents fibril formation of alpha-synuclein". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 349 (3): 1139-1144. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.08.144. PMID 16962995. 
  22. Zhang, J. J.; Zhang, R. F.; Meng, X. K. (2009-10-30). "Protective effect of pyrroloquinoline quinone against Abeta-induced neurotoxicity in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells". Neuroscience Letters 464 (3): 165-169. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2009.08.037. PMID 19699263. 
  23. Kim, J.; Kobayashi, M.; Fukuda, M.; Ogasawara, D.; Kobayashi, N.; Han, S.; Nakamura, C.; Inada, M.; Miyaura, C.; Ikebukuro, K.; Sode, K. (2010). "Pyrroloquinoline quinone inhibits the fibrillation of amyloid proteins". Prion 4 (1): 26-31. doi:10.4161/pri.4.1.10889. PMC 2850417. PMID 20083898.